Higher-order perturbation theory for decoherence in Grover’s algorithm

In this paper, we study decoherence in Grover’s quantum search algorithm using a perturbative method. We assume that each two-state system (qubit) that belongs to a register suffers a phase-flip error (σ_z error) with probability p independently at every step in the algorithm, where 0⩽p⩽1. Considering an n-qubit density operator to which Grover’s iterative operation is applied M times, we expand it in powers of 2Mnp and derive its matrix element order by order under the large-n limit. [In this large-n limit, we assume p is small enough, so that 2Mnp can take any real positive value or zero. We regard x≡2Mnp (⩾0) as a perturbative parameter.] We obtain recurrence relations between terms in the perturbative expansion. By these relations, we compute higher orders of the perturbation efficiently, so that we extend the range of the perturbative parameter that provides a reliable analysis. Calculating the matrix element numerically by this method, we derive the maximum value of the perturbative parameter x at which the algorithm finds a correct item with a given threshold of probability P_th or more. (We refer to this maximum value of x as x_c, a critical point of x.) We obtain a curve of x_c as a function of P_th by repeating this numerical calculation for many points of P_th and find the following facts: a tangent of the obtained curve at P_th=1 is given by x=(8∕5)(1−P_th), and we have x_c>−(8∕5)log_e P_th near P_th=0.