L x rays emitted from multiply ionized holmium atoms

Spectra of L x rays emitted from Ho targets bombarded by 10 keV electrons and 6 MeV∕amu C, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe ions were measured in high resolution using a curved crystal spectrometer. The spectra were analyzed in order to examine the systematic evolution of the L x-ray satellite structure as a function of projectile atomic number. Scaling rules are established for the apparent average M-shell spectator vacancy fraction and apparent average double to single L-vacancy population ratio at the time of L x-ray emission. The results are compared to those obtained for K-shell ionizing collisions and with predictions of the geometrical model.